Cognitive Labs

IBM builds cognitive chips that emulate the human brain
August 23, 2011

IBM (NYSE:IBM) researchers have build experimental chips that emulate the perception, action and cognition of brains. The chips aim to drastically lower power consumption and form factors in future "cognitive computers."

The first 2 prototype chips -- which contain no biological elements -- have been fabbed at IBM's Fishkill, NY fab and are undergoing tests at IBM's Yorktown Heights, NY and San Jose, CA research labs. Both prototype cores were fabricated in 45nm silicon on insulator-complementary metal oxide semiconductor (SOI-CMOS) and contain 256 neurons. The digital silicon circuits inspired by neurobiology create a "neurosynaptic core" with integrated memory (replicated synapses), computation (replicated neurons) and communication (replicated axons). One core contains 262,144 programmable synapses; one contains 65,536 learning synapses. They perform simple applications like navigation, machine vision, associative memory, pattern recognition, classification, etc.
IBM's "neurosynaptic computing chips" recreate the phenomena between spiking neurons and synapses in biological systems through advanced algorithms and silicon circuitry. Cognitive computers will be programmed by experiences, finding correlations, creating hypotheses, and remembering the outcomes. The cognitive system will analyze complex information from multiple sensory modalities simultaneously, dynamically rewiring itself as it interacts with its environment. IBM's cognitive computing architecture of on-chip lightweight cores create a single integrated system of hardware and software.

Under the Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics (SyNAPSE) multi-year project, IBM combined nanoscience, neuroscience and supercomputing expertise in a cognitive computing initiative with university collaborators. The US Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) awarded the team about $21 million in new funding for Phase 2 of SyNAPSE. The IBM team successfully completed Phases 0 and 1.
These brain-inspired chips move beyond "more than half a century" of von Neumann paradigm computer architectures, said Dharmendra Modha, project leader for IBM Research. The cognitive system has no set programming, integrates memory with processor, and mimics brains' event-driven, distributed and parallel processing.

Labels: fishkill, ibm

Using specially designed computer games, researchers probe the behavior of the orange-colored primate at the zoo in Atlanta, GA in an effort to better understand patterns of social behavior...


The AP article:

Four-year-old Bernas isn't the computer wizard his mom is, but he's learning. Just the other day he used his lips and feet to play a game on the touch-screen monitor as his mom, Madu, swung from vines and climbed trees.

The two Sumatran orangutans at Zoo Atlanta are playing computer games while researchers study the cognitive skills of the orange and brown primates.

The best part? Zoo visitors get to watch their every move.

The orangutans use a touch screen built into a tree-like structure that blend in with their zoo habitat. Visitors watch from a video monitor in front of the exhibit.

"That's so cool," Jeri McCarthy told her three daughters as Bernas drew a red, blue and yellow picture on the screen. "He can't get enough!"

Zoo officials hope the exhibit will raise awareness of the rapidly diminishing wild orangutan population, which is on track to completely disappear in the next decade, and potentially provide keys to their survival.

"The more we understand about orangutan's cognitive processes, the more we'll understand about what they need to survive in the wild," said Tara Stoinski, manager of conservation partnerships for the zoo. "It enables us to show the public how smart they are."

In one game, orangutans choose identical photographs or match orangutan sounds with photos of the animals — correct answers are rewarded with food pellets. Another game lets them draw pictures by moving their hands and other body parts around the screen. Printouts of their masterpieces are on display in the zoo.

The computer games, which volunteers from IBM spent nearly 500 hours developing, test the animals' memory, reasoning and learning, spitting out sheets of data for researchers at the zoo and Atlanta's Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, a partner in the project.

The data will help researchers learn about socializing patterns, such as whether they mimic others or learn behavior from scratch through trial and error, said Elliott Albers with the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience.

Researchers hope the data can point to new conservation strategies to help the 37,000 orangutans living in the wild on the Indonesian islands of Borneo and Sumatra.

"Hopefully we can get the animals to find better sources of food more easily," Albers said.

The National Zoo in Washington, D.C., and Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago are also conducting such orangutan research. Visitors can also watch the animals use computers at the National Zoo, Stoinski said.

Labels: ibm, orangutan, science, social